Chemical composition of Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa / 中国药科大学学报

@#The petroleum ether fraction of ethanol extracts from Boenninghausenia sessilicarpawas isolated by combination of several chromatographic methods including silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and finally purified by preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified based on the spectral data. As a result, 15 coumarin compounds were isolated and identified from the petroleum ether extraction. Their structures were determined as osthenon (1), murrangatin (2), 3-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (3), xanthotoxin (4), isopimpinellin (5), chalepensin (6), isodemethylfuropinarine (7), imperatorin (8), phellopterin (9), heraclenol (10), byakangelicin (11), neobyakangelicol (12), chalepin (13), luvangetin (14), 3-(1, 1-dimethylallyl)-xanthyletin (15). Among them, compounds 1 - 3, 6 - 10 and 14 -15 were firstly isolated from B. sessilicarpa.

Three new coumarins and a new coumarin glycoside from Micromelum integerrimum / 中国天然药物

Three new coumarins, integmarins A-C (1-3), and a new coumarin glycoside, integmaside A (4) were isolated from the leaves and stems of Micromelum integerrimum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data, and their absolute configurations were assigned according to the ECD data of the in situ formed transition metal complexes and comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. Compounds 1 and 2 are two rare coumarins with butyl and propyl moieties at the C-6 position; compound 3 is a novel coumarin with a highly oxidized prenyl group, and compound 4 is a rare bisdihydrofuranocoumarin glycoside.

Phenylpropanoids from Zanthoxylum species and their pharmacological activities: a review / 中国中药杂志

Phenylpropanoids are one of the major chemical constituents in Zanthoxylum species. They include simple phenylpropanoids, coumarins, and lignans and possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, insecticidal, and antifeedant activities. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities from the Zanthoxylum plants in hopes of providing reference for the research and application of phenylpropanoids from this genus.

Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L. ) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits against bacterial genera Mycobacterium and Streptococcus

This study aims to investigate chemical composition of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits and determine their in vitro antibacterial activity. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack ripe and unripe fruits collected in the Cerrado, in Rio Verde, southwestern Goiás, Brazil. They were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sesquiterpenes, which represent the most abundant class of compounds in oils, predominated in both ripe and unripe fruits. Major constituents of essential oils extracted from ripe fruits (RF-EO) were (-caryophyllene (21.3%), (-ylangene (13.3%), germacrene-D (10.9%) and (-zingiberene (9.7%) whereas the ones of unripe fruits (UF-EO) were sesquithujene (25.0%), (-zingiberene (18.2%), germacrene-D (13.1%) and (-copaene (12.7%). In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Both essential oils under investigation showed moderate anti-streptococcal activity against the following bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius. MIC values ranged between 100 and 400 µg/mL. Regarding the antimycobacterial activity, essential oils from M. paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits were active against Mycobacterium kansasii (MIC = 250 µg/mL), moderately active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 500 µg/mL) and inactive against M. avium (MIC = 2000 µg/mL). This study was pioneer in revealing similar chemical profiles of both essential oils extracted from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits, besides describing their in vitro anti-streptococcal and antimycobacterial activities.

Identification and quantification of limonoid aglycones content of Citrus seeds

ABSTRACT Citrus fruits are recognized as an important source of bioactive molecules such as limonin and nomilin. However, these molecules exhibit low bioavailability, therefore, obtaining these molecules using biotechnological techniques may be an alternative to harvesting them directly from fruits. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify limonoids in the dichloromethane extracts of Citrus seeds of Criolla orange, Oneco tangerine, Tangerine-lemon, Sour orange and Valencia orange from department of Antioquia-Colombia by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although in all the samples total glycosidic free limonoids were present, Oneco tangerine seeds had the highest concentration, followed by Tangerine-lemon seeds, equivalent to 0.75% and 0.53% per total dry weight, respectively. These results suggest Oneco tangerine seeds may be used as an elite material for biotechnological processes looking for increased production of limonoids to support research and drug development.

Chemical constituents and their bioactivities from seeds of Clausena lansium / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents and their biological activities of the seeds of Clausena lansium. Methods The compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, semi-preparative HPLC, et al., and their structures were identified through a combined analysis of physicochemical properties, as well as NMR and MS data. The in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and nematicidal activity against Panagrellus redivivusl were screened by PNPG and Berman funnel methods, respectively. Results Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as (4R*,6R*)-6-hydroxypiperitone (1), (4S*,6R*)-6-hydroxypiperitone (2), (1S*,2S*,4R*)-1-methyl-4-(prop-l-en-2-yl) cyclohexane-1,2-diol (3), subamone (4), methyl (1R*,2R*,2’Z)-2-(5’-hydroxy-pent-2’-enyl)-3-oxo-cyclopentane acetate (5), 5-hydroxy-4-phenyl-5H-furan-2-one (6), loliolide (7), xylogranatinin (8), 2,6-dihydroxyhumula-3(12),7(13),9(E)-triene (9), xanthoxol (10), and ligballinol (11). Conclusion Compounds 1-8 are isolated from the genus for the first time, and compound 9 is first isolated from this species. Compound 8 showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and compound 5 exhibited potent nematicidal activity.

Studies on chemical constituents and bioactivities of alkaloids from zanthoxylum schinifolium / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical structure and bioactivity of the alkaloids from Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Methods The alkaloids were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, recrystallization, and semi-preparetive HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physical and spectroscopic analysis. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds were tested by MTS. Results Nine alkaloids were obtained and identified as dictamnine (1), skimmianine (2), schinifoline (3), 6-methoxy-furanoquinolone (4), (+)-(S)-isoplatydesmine (5), (+)-(S)-araliopsine (6), (−)-(S)-ribalinine (7), (−)-(S)-edulinine (8), and (−)-(S)-6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (9). Conclusion Compound 4 is a new natural product and compounds 5—9 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 9 has potential cytotoxicity towards HL-60, SMMC-7721, and A549.

A new coumarin isolated from root barks of Zanthoxylum schinifolium / 中草药

Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory components from the root barks of Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies, and semi-preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated by physical and spectroscopic analysis. The anti-inf1ammatory activity was evaluated by the levels of NO in LPS-induced RAW264.7 tested by Griess reagent. Results: Four coumarins, namely zantholin A (1), 7-methoxycoumarin (2), isoscopoletin (3), and esculetin (4), were isolated from the root barks of Z. schinifolium. Compounds 1-4 exhibited anti-inflammatory activities on inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of (0.21 ± 0.03), (0.92 ± 0.16), (0.15 ± 0.02), and (0.26 ± 0.04) μmol/L, respectively. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound, a rare terpenylated coumarin named zantholin A, and compounds 3 is obtained from this plant for the first time. All compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory activities.

Chemical constituents from stems and leaves of Clausena emarginata / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents from the stems and leaves of Clausena emarginata were separated and purified by column chromatographies on silica gel,ODS,Sephadex LH-20,and PR-HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis,as well as comparisons with the data reported in the literature. Sixteen compounds were isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of C. emarginata,which were identified as siamenol( 1),murrastanine A( 2),3-formyl-1,6-dimethoxycarbazole( 3),3-methoxymethylcarbazole( 4),3-methylcarbazole( 5),murrayafoline A( 6),3-formylcarbazole( 7),3-formyl-1-hydroxycarbazole( 8),3-formyl-6-methoxycarbazole( 9),murrayanine( 10),murrayacine( 11),girinimbine( 12),nordentatin( 13),chalepin( 14),8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-pentylisocoumarin( 15) and ethyl orsellinate( 16). Compounds 1-4,14-16 were isolated from C. emarginata for the first time. Among them,compounds 1,2,15 and 16 were isolated from the genus Clausena for the first time. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines: HL-60,SMMC-7721,A-549,MCF-7 and SW480 in vitro. Compounds 12 and 14 showed significant inhibitory effects against various human cancer cell lines with IC_(50) values comparable to those of doxorubicin.

In vitro antibacterial effects of Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba root bark extracts and two of its alkaloids against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT The emergence of multiresistant strains of bacteria reinforces the need to search for new compounds able to combat resistant organisms. Medicinal plants are a great resource of bioactive substances, providing the possibility of obtaining molecules with potential antimicrobial activity. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of extracts and alkaloids isolated from the root bark of Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba A. St.-Hil., Rutaceae, against four resistant clinical isolates and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts were fractionated by chromatography on silica gel, leading to the isolation of dihydrocheleryhtrine and N-methylcanadine, identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the extracts and isolated compounds was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. The dichloromethane extract was the most active against all the tested strains and the two pure alkaloids were more active than the extracts. The anti-MRSA activity of the two benzophenanthridine alkaloids is demonstrated for the first time in this study. These compounds appear as potential leads for the development of new anti-MRSA compounds and could be responsible for the antibacterial activity, justifying the ethnobotanical use of Z. tingoassuiba and other species for the treatment of various infectious diseases.

Research progress on carbazole alkaloids from plants of Clausena Burm.f / 中草药

The genus Clausena Burm.f. (family Rutaceae) concerns 25 species all over the world, and 13 species are native to China especially in the southwest and south of China, Yunnan Province has 11 species. The chemical composition from Clausena Burm.f. included carbazole alkaloids, coumarins, sesquiterpenes, benzene derivatives, tetranortriterpenoids, flavonoids and so on. The carbazole alkaloids have attracted much attention in recent years. The recent research progress on carbazole alkaloids from Clausena Burm.f. was reviewed in this paper about the structures, isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activities.

Estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Loro grande) / Phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (loro)

Introducción: la especie Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Rutaceae) es también conocida como Loro o Loro grande, ha sido empleado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de mordeduras de serpientes, dolor de garganta y lesiones ocasionadas por picaduras de insectos. Esta variedad de actividades son causadas por acción de los compuestos que la constituyen, como lignanos, terpenos, alcaloides, cumarinas y polifenoles que representan un alto potencial farmacológico para esta especie. Objetivo: realizar el estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de la especie E. litoralis. Métodos: los extractos vegetales de hojas corteza y madera se obtuvieron empleando etanol al 96 por ciento, y posteriormente fueron fraccionados usando técnicas cromatográficas como Cromatografía en Capa Delgada (CCD), Cromatografía en Columna (CC) y Cromatografía en Capa Delgada Preparativa (CCDP). Los compuestos se identificaron mediante el análisis de datos espectroscópicos con el empleo de técnicas instrumentales como: Infrarrojo (IR), Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Protónica y de Carbono trece (RMN-1H y 13C), Espectrometría de Masas (EM) y difracción de rayos x (DRX). La actividad antioxidante se evaluó a través de los métodos radical catiónico ABTS•+, radical libre DPPH• y Potencial de Actividad de Reducción Férrica (FRAP). Resultados: de esta especie se aislaron e identificaron cinco compuestos: cuatro alcaloides y un flavonoide. Los extractos en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza mostraron una significativa actividad frente a los radicales ABTS•+ con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 µg/mL respectivamente. Conclusiones: de los distintos extractos se aislaron cinco compuestos: 1-hidroxi-3-metoxi-N-metilacridona (1), maculosidina (2) maculina (3), dictamina (4) y gardenina B (5). El extracto en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza presentaron una significativa actividad antioxidante frente al radical ABTS con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 mg/L, respectivamente(AU)

Introduction: The species Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (Rutaceae), also known as loro or loro grande, has been used in traditional medicine to treat snakebites, sore throats and lesions caused by insect bites. The compounds contained in the plant, among them lignans, terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins and polyphenols, are responsible for such a broad variety of activities, granting it great pharmacological potential. Objective: Conduct a phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the species E. litoralis. Methods: Plant extracts from leaves, stem and wood were obtained using 96 percent ethanol, and then fractioned with chromatographic techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC) and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). The compounds were identified by spectroscopic data analysis using instrumental techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1H and 13C), mass spectrometry (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant activity was evaluated with the methods ABTSo+ radical cation, DPPHo free radical and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP). Results: Five compounds were isolated from the species: four alkaloids and one flavonoid. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and stem displayed significant activity against ABTSo+ radicals, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Five compounds were isolated from the various extracts: 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone (1), maculosidin (2), maculin (3), dictamin (4) and gardenin B (5). The leaf and stem extract in ethyl acetate displayed significant antioxidant activity against the ABTS radical, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 mg/l, respectively(AU)

The structural studies on the medicinal plant Haplophyllum telephioides

ABSTRACT Haplophyllum telephioides Boiss., Rutaceae, is an endemic herb which generally grows at the steppe region in Central Turkey. Its aerial parts in flowering stage are used by local people against influenza virus due to its antimicrobial effect. The main purpose of this study was to examine the morphology, anatomy and histology of the vegetative and reproductive organs of the H. telephioides, which are used in popular medicine, thereby, contributing to the pharmacognostic evaluation of the species. The species was studied morphologically in detail. New morphological features were described for them, such as the dimension of leaf, sepal and fruit, size of filament, anther and pistil, and diameter of the ovary. In addition, some deviating features were found in relation to previous published descriptions for the species, such as plant height and petal length. The anatomy of plant parts such as stem, leaf, sepal, petal, filament and pistil, were studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Stem has incipient secondary growth. The leaf is amphistomatic and the mesophyll is equifacial. Stomata are anomocytic and sunken. In micromorphological studies, it is determined that the leaf is coated by a thick cuticle and above epicuticular wax. Schizogenous glands were found in all vegetative and reproductive organs. The structural features herein found can assist the diagnosis of H. telephioides.

Chemical composition of essential oils of leaves, flowers and fruits of Hortia oreadica

Abstract Hortia oreadica Groppo, Kallunki & Pirani, Rutaceae, known as “para-tudo”, “quina”, and “quina-do-campo”, is used in traditional medicine locally to treat stomach pain and fevers. The aims of this study were: analyze the chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits of H. oreadica and verify the seasonal variation of the chemical components of essential oils from leaves. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The major components found in the samples of the essential oils were the amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (29.27% – flowers, 20.26% – fruits, 27.66–37.89% – leaves), bicyclogermacrene (23.28% – flowers, 20.64% – fruits, 14.71% to 31.37% – leaves). This work represents the first study of the chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits and seasonal variation in the essential oils from leaves of H. oreadica.

First report of Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas, 1892 (Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae) and the associated parasitoid Cephaleta sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Brazil / Primeiro registro da cochonilha Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas, 1892 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae) e do parasitoide associado Cephaleta sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) no Brasil

Abstract Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas, 1892 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae) and the associated parasitoid Cephaleta sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are reported for the first time in Brazil. Specimens of this scale insect were collected on branches and stems of Acacia mangium Willd., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Fabaceae), Morus nigra L. (Moraceae), Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae), Tectona grandis L. f. (Verbenaceae), Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), Annona squamosa L. and Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae), in three municipalities of the Roraima state. All plants here mentioned are recorded for the first time as a host for L. dendrobii. Morphological characters of L. dendrobii and symptoms presented by the host plants infested by this pest are included in this work.

Resumo Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas, 1892 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae) e o parasitoide associado Cephaleta sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) são registrados pela primeira vez no Brasil. Exemplares dessa cochonilha foram coletados sobre ramos e fustes de Acacia mangium Willd., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Fabaceae), Morus nigra L. (Moraceae), Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae), Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae), Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), Annona squamosa L. e Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae), em três municípios do Estado de Roraima. Todas as plantas aqui mencionadas são registradas pela primeira vez como hospedeiras de L. dendrobii. Caracteres morfológicos da cochonilha e sintomas das plantas hospedeiras infestadas por esta praga são incluídos neste trabalho.

Residues of Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck as agents that cause a change in antioxidant defense in plants / Resíduos de Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck como agentes que causam uma alteração na defesa antioxidante em plantas

This work aimed to verify the allelopathic potential of the extract of Citrus seeds, for the purpose of adding a sustainable value to the fruit seeds toward their use as industrial residues. The extract was obtained with a Soxhlet apparatus by using hexane, chloroform, and methanol as solvents. The hexane extract of the Citrus seeds primarily consisted of linoleic acid (36.6%), followed by α-linoleic acid (25.3%), oleic acid (17.8%), palmitic acid (9.7%), and estearic acid (3.3%). The analysis results indicate that the oil is similar to those used in the cosmetics and food industries and has an economic value from its industrial application. In addition, the use of the oil causes changes in the oxidant balance, germination, and growth of plants...

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o potencial alelopático do extrato de sementes de Citrus, com o objetivo de agregar valor sustentável para a semente de frutas para a sua utilização como resíduo industrial. O extrato foi obtido com aparelho de Soxhlet, utilizando hexano, clorofórmio e metanol como solventes. O extrato hexânico das sementes de Citrus constituiu principalmente por ácido linoleico (36,6%), seguido por ácido α-linoleico (25,3%), ácido oleico (17,8%), ácido palmítico (9,7%) e ácido esteárico (3,3%). As análises indicam que o óleo é semelhante aos utilizados na indústria de cosméticos e de alimentos, tem valor econômico para a utilização na indústria e seu uso provoca alterações no equilíbrio oxidativo, germinação e crescimento...

Chemical Composition, Antiviral against avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus and Antimicrobial activities of the Essential Oils of the Leaves and Fruits of Fortunella margarita, Lour. Swingle, Growing in Egypt.

Essential oils of the fresh leaves and fruits of Fortunella margarita Lour. Swingle (Family: Rutaceae) were prepared by hydrodistillation method, which resulted with 0.27 and 0.30% respectively. The resulted oils of both organs were analyzed by GC/MS which revealed the presence of twenty compounds in the leaves oil representing 86.96% of the oil, from which gurjunene, eudesmol and muurolene were identified as major compounds. The fruit’s oil was found to contain fourteen compounds representing 77.77% of the oil, of which terpineol, t-carveol, limonene, muurolene and cadinene represented the major compounds. The antiviral activity of the essential oils of both leaves and fruits was tested against avian influenza-A virus (H5N1), and the results revealed higher potency of fruits oil. Moreover, the essential oils of the leaves and fruits were investigated for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The oil of the leaves showed antimicrobial activity higher than that of the fruits at dilution (1:50 v/v) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina luta and Streptococcus faecalis, also it has a moderate activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsilla pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. On the other hand, the antifungal activity of the leaves and fruits revealed that the fruits exhibited higher activity than that of the leaves against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.

Bioactive Constituents from the Leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium

Activity-guided separation of the methylene chloride-soluble fraction of the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium, resulted in the isolation of four coumarinoids (1 - 4), two triterpenoids (5, 6) and three fatty acid derivatives (7 - 9) as active principles. Their chemical structures were identified as collinin (1), 8-methoxyanisocoumarin (2), 7-(6'R-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylocta-2',7'-dienyloxy)-coumarin (3), (E)-4-methly-6-(coumarin-7'-yloxy) hex-4-enal (4), lupeol (5), epi-lupeol (6), phytol (7), hexadec-3-enoic acid (8) and palmitic acid (9), on the basis of spectroscopic (1D, 2D and MS) data analyses and comparing with the data published in the literatures. Compounds 1 and 7 showed potent cytotoxicity against Jurkat T cells with IC50 values of 45.58 and 47.51 microM, respectively. The others showed moderate activity with IC50 values ranging around 80.58 to 85.83 microM, while the positive control, auraptene, possessed an IC50 value of 55.36 microM.

Effect of Leaf Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis on Haematological Parameters of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leaf essential oil of Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) on haematological parameters of alloxan – induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Diabetes was induced in albino rats by intraperitoneal administration of single dose of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight). The leaf essential oil of Citrus sinensis at a dose of 110 mg/kg b.wt was administered every other day to the diabetic rats during 15 days. The effects of leaf essential oil on the erythrocyte and leucocyte indices were then evaluated. Results: Red Blood Cell, Packed Cell Volume, White blood cell, Neutrophils and Leucocytes were reduced significantly in diabetic animals. However, treatment with leaf oil of C. sinensis increased these parameters subsequently. Conclusion: It is concluded that leaf essential oil of Citrus sinensis improved the erythrocyte and leucocyte indices of diabetic rats.

Estudo farmacognóstico de folhas e raízes da Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. -Hil. (Rutaceae) / Pharmacognostic study of the leaves and roots of Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. -Hil. (Rutaceae)

A Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (manacá) é um arbusto cujas raízes são utilizadas popularmente contra dores musculares, de estômago e de cabeça, disfunções hepáticas, reumatismo, e como estimulante do apetite. As folhas são empregadas como depurativo do sangue, nas afecções renais e hepáticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo morfo-anatômico de S. odoratissima, bem como a triagem fitoquímica, a determinação dos teores de água, cinzas totais e insolúveis em ácido. O material vegetal foi coletado em Leopoldo de Bulhões/ Goiás e os estudos morfo-anatômicos e a triagem fitoquímica foram realizados utilizando as técnicas convencionais. Verificou-se que a folha é hipoestomática, com estômatos anomocíticos e a epiderme apresenta papilas na face abaxial. O mesofilo é dorsiventral e a nervura principal possui drusas de oxalato de cálcio e cavidades secretoras. O pecíolo apresenta sistema vascular em forma circular. Na raiz, em crescimento primário, observou-se cilindro vascular com organização diarca. Na prospecção fitoquímica detectaram-se fenóis, taninos, cumarinas, flavonoides, triterpernos/esteróis, antraquinonas e antocianinas nas folhas e alcaloides, cumarinas, amido e saponinas nas raízes. Esses resultados são parâmetros importantes para o controle de qualidade dessa matéria-prima vegetal.

Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (manacá) is a shrub whose roots are popularly used against stomach pains, headache, muscle pain, liver disorders, rheumatism and as an appetite stimulant. The leaves are used as a blood depurative and for liver and kidney disease. The purpose of this work was to perform the morphological and anatomical study, the phytochemical screening and determine the water content and the levels of total and acid of S. odoratissima. The plant material was collected in Leopoldo de Bulhões/ Goiás and the morpho-anatomical studies and the phytochemical screening were performed using conventional techniques. It was verified that the leaf is hypostomatic, with anomocytic stomata and the epidermis has papillae on the abaxial surface. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib presents druses of calcium oxalate and secretory cavities. The petiole has a circular vascular system. The root in primary growth presents vascular cylinder with diarchic organization. Phenols, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, triterpenes/sterols, anthraquinones and anthocyanins were detected in the phytochemical screening of the leaves, and alkaloids, coumarins, saponins and starch were detected in the roots. These results are important parameters for the quality control of the vegetal raw material.